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An M4 (105) Sherman tank with spare track-links welded on its front for additional armor protection, preserved at the Langenberg Liberation Memorial inTypePlace of originService historyIn service1942–1957 (United States)Used byUnited States, and many others (see )WarsProduction historyDesignerU.S.The M4 Sherman, officially Medium Tank, M4, was the most widely used by the and in. The M4 Sherman proved to be reliable, relatively cheap to produce, and available in great numbers. Thousands were distributed through the program to the.
The tank was named by the British for the American Civil War general.The M4 Sherman evolved from the, which had its main armament in a side mount. The M4 retained much of the previous mechanical design, but moved the main 75 mm gun into a fully traversing central turret. One feature, a one-axis, was not precise enough to allow firing when moving but did help keep the reticle on target, so that when the tank did stop to fire, the gun would be aimed in roughly the right direction. The designers stressed mechanical reliability, ease of production and maintenance, durability, standardization of parts and ammunition in a limited number of variants, and moderate size and weight. These factors, combined with the Sherman's then-superior armor and armament, outclassed German and medium tanks fielded in 1939–42.
The M4 went on to be produced in large numbers, being the most produced tank in American history: The Soviets' (total of some 64,549 wartime-produced examples, split roughly 55%-45% between 76 mm and 85 mm gunned examples) was the only tank design produced in larger numbers during World War II. The Sherman spearheaded many offensives by the Western Allies after 1942.When the M4 tank went into combat in with the British Army at in late 1942, it increased the advantage of Allied armor over Axis armor and was superior to the lighter German and Italian tank designs. For this reason, the US Army believed that the M4 would be adequate to win the war, and relatively little pressure was initially exerted for further tank development. Logistical and transport restrictions, such as limitations imposed by roads, ports, and bridges, also complicated the introduction of a more capable but heavier tank. Using vehicles built on the M4 hull and chassis, but with open-topped turrets and more potent high-velocity guns, also entered widespread use in the Allied armies. Even by 1944, most M4 Shermans kept their dual-purpose 75 mm gun.
By then, the M4 was inferior in firepower and armor to increasing numbers of German heavy tanks, but was able to fight on with the help of considerable numerical superiority, greater mechanical reliability, better logistical support, and support from growing numbers of and pieces. Bollywood dandiya gujarati song download. Some Shermans were produced with a more capable gun, the, or refitted with a 76.2mm calibre gun by the British (the ).The relative ease of production allowed large numbers of the M4 to be manufactured, and significant investment in tank recovery and repair units allowed disabled vehicles to be repaired and returned to service quickly. These factors combined to give the Allies numerical superiority in most battles, and many infantry divisions were provided with M4s and tank destroyers.After World War II, the Sherman, particularly the many improved and upgraded versions, continued to see combat service in many conflicts around the world, including the UN forces in the, with Israel in the, briefly with South Vietnam in the, and on both sides of the. Cutaway Sherman showing transmission and driver's seatThe U.S. Army Ordnance Department designed the M4 medium tank as a replacement for the M3 medium tank.
The M3 was an up-gunned development of the of 1939, in turn derived from the of 1935. The M3 was developed as a stopgap measure until a new turret mounting a 75 mm gun could be devised. While it was a big improvement when tried by the British in Africa against early German tanks, the placement of a 37 mm gun turret on top gave it a very high profile, and the unusual side-sponson mounted main gun, with limited, could not be aimed across the other side of the tank. Though reluctant to adopt British weapons into their arsenal, the American designers were prepared to accept proven British ideas. British ideas, as embodied in a tank designed by the Canadian General Staff, also influenced the development of the American Sherman tank. Before long American military agencies and designers had accumulated sufficient experience to forge ahead on several points.
In the field of tank armament the American 75 mm and 76 mm dual-purpose tank guns won the acknowledgement of British tank experts. Detailed design characteristics for the M4 were submitted by the Ordnance Department on 31 August 1940, but development of a prototype was delayed while the final production designs of the M3 were finished and the M3 entered full-scale production.
On 18 April 1941, the U.S. Armored Force Board chose the simplest of five designs. Known as the T6, the design was a modified M3 hull and chassis, carrying a newly designed turret mounting the M3's 75 mm gun. This would later become the Sherman.The Sherman's reliability resulted from many features developed for U.S.
Light tanks during the 1930s, including, rubber-bushed tracks, and a rear-mounted with drive sprockets in front. The goals were to produce a fast, dependable medium tank able to support infantry, provide breakthrough striking capacity, and defeat any tank then in use by the.The T6 prototype was completed on 2 September 1941. The upper hull of the T6 was a single large casting.
It featured a single overhead hatch for the driver, and a hatch in the side of the hull. In the later M4A1 production model, this large casting was maintained, although the side hatch was eliminated and a second overhead hatch was added for the assistant driver. The modified T6 was standardized as the M4, and production began in February 1942. The cast-hull models would later be re-standardized as M4A1, with the first welded-hull models receiving the designation M4. In August, 1942, a variant of the M4 was put forth by the Detroit Arsenal to have angled, rather than rounded hull and turret armor. The changes were intended to improve the tank's protection without increasing weight or degrading other technical characteristics.Doctrine. A Sherman amphibious tank of 13th/18th Royal Hussars in action against German troops using crashed gliders as cover near Ranville, 10 June 1944As the United States approached entry into World War II, armored employment was doctrinally governed by (published May 1941, the month following selection of the M4 tank's final design).
That field manual stated:The armored division is organized primarily to perform missions that require great mobility and firepower. It is given decisive missions. It is capable of engaging in all forms of combat, but its primary role is in offensive operations against hostile rear areas.The M4 was, therefore, not originally intended primarily as an. It placed tanks in the 'striking echelon' of the armored division, and placed the infantry in the 'support echelon', without directing that tanks should only seek to attack other tanks, thus leaving target selection up to the field commander based on what types of units were available to him to attack. A field manual covering the use of the Sherman (FM 17–33, 'The Tank Battalion, Light and Medium' of September 1942) described fighting enemy tanks when necessary as one of the many roles of the Sherman, but devoted only one page of text and four diagrams to tank-versus-tank action, out of 142 pages. This early armored doctrine was heavily influenced by the sweeping early war successes of German tactics. By the time M4s reached combat in significant numbers, battlefield demands for infantry support and tank versus tank action far outnumbered the occasional opportunities of rear-echelon exploitation.
United States doctrine held that the most critical anti-tank work (stopping massed enemy tank attacks) was primarily to be done by towed and self-propelled anti-tank guns, both of which were referred to as 'tank destroyers', with friendly tanks being used in support if possible. Speed was essential in order to bring the tank destroyers from the rear to destroy incoming tanks. This doctrine was rarely followed in combat, as it was found to be impractical. Commanders were reluctant to leave tank destroyers in reserve; if they were, it was also easier for an opposing armored force to achieve a breakthrough against an American tank battalion, which would not have all of its anti-tank weapons at the front during the beginning of any attack.
Production history. This M4A4 has extra armor plates in front of crew hatchesThe first production of the Sherman took place at the, producing them for British use. The first production Sherman was given to the U.S. Army for evaluation, and the second tank of the British order went to London. Nicknamed Michael, probably after Michael Dewar, head of the British tank mission in the U.S., the tank was displayed in London and is now an exhibit at, Bovington, UK.In World War II, the U.S. Army ultimately fielded 16 armored divisions, along with 70 separate tank battalions, while the U.S. Marine Corps fielded six Sherman tank battalions.
A third of all Army tank battalions, and all six Marine tank battalions, were deployed to the (PTO). Prior to September 1942, President had announced a production program calling for 120,000 tanks for the Allied war effort. Although the American industrial complex was not affected by enemy nor as was, and, to a lesser degree, an enormous amount of for tank production had been diverted to the construction of warships and other naval vessels.
Steel used in naval construction amounted to the equivalent of approximately 67,000 tanks; and consequently only about 53,500 tanks were produced during 1942 and 1943.The Army had seven main sub-designations for M4 variants during production: M4, M4A1, M4A2, M4A3, M4A4, M4A5, and M4A6. These designations did not necessarily indicate linear improvement; in that 'M4A4' did not indicate it was better than 'M4A3'. These sub-types indicated standardized production variations, which were in fact often manufactured concurrently at different locations.
The sub-types differed mainly in engines, although the M4A1 differed from the other variants by its fully cast upper hull, with a distinctive rounded appearance. The M4A4 had a longer engine system that required a longer hull and more track blocks, and thus the most distinguishing feature of the M4A4 was the wider longitudinal spacing between the bogies. 'M4A5' was an administrative placeholder designation for. The M4A6 had a radial diesel engine as well as the elongated chassis of the M4A4, but only 75 of these were ever produced.Most Sherman sub-types ran on gasoline. The air cooled Continental-produced 9 cylinder radial gasoline in the M4 and M4A1 produced 350 or 400 horsepower (260 or 300 kW). The M4A3 used the liquid-cooled 450 hp (340 kW) V8 gasoline engine, and the M4A4 used the liquid cooled 370 hp (280 kW) 30 cylinder multibank gasoline engine.
There were also two diesel engined variants. The M4A2 was powered by a pair of liquid cooled inline engines, that produced a total of 375 hp (280 kW), while the M4A6 used an RD-1820 (a redesigned D-200A air cooled diesel engine, adapted from 's nine cylinder radial aircraft engine. ) that produced 450 hp (340 kW). The M4A2 and M4A4 were mostly supplied to other Allied countries under.
The term 'M4' can refer specifically to the initial sub-type with its Continental radial engine, or generically, to the entire family of seven Sherman sub-types, depending on context. Many details of production, shape, strength, and performance improved while in production, without a change to the tank's basic model number. These included more durable suspension units, safer 'wet' (W) ammunition stowage, and stronger or more effective armor arrangements, such as the M4 'Composite', which had a cheaper to produce cast front hull section mated to a regular welded rear hull. British nomenclature regarding Sherman variants differed from that employed by the U.S.
A 24-volt electrical system was used in the M4. A -equipped Easy Eight ShermanEarly Shermans mounted a. Although Ordnance began work on the series as Sherman replacements, ultimately the Army decided to minimize production disruption by incorporating elements of other tank designs into the Sherman. Later M4A1, M4A2, and M4A3 models received the larger T23 turret with a high-velocity. Later, the M4 and M4A3 were factory-produced with a 105 mm howitzer and a distinctive rounded, which surrounded the main gun, on the turret. The first standard-production 76 mm gun-armed Sherman was an M4A1, accepted in January 1944, which first saw combat in July 1944 during.
The first Sherman to be armed with the 105 mm howitzer was the M4, first accepted in February 1944.From May to July 1944, the Army accepted a limited run of 254 M4A3E2 Jumbo Shermans, which had very thick hull armor and the 75 mm gun in a new, far better protected T23-style turret, in order to assault fortifications. The M4A3 model was the first to be factory-produced with the horizontal volute spring suspension (HVSS) system, beginning in August 1944. With wider tracks to distribute weight, and the smooth ride of the HVSS, it gained the nickname ' from its experimental E8 designation. The M4 and M4A3 105 mm-armed tanks, as well as the M4A1 and M4A2 76 mm-armed tanks, were also eventually equipped with HVSS. Both the Americans and the British developed a wide array of special attachments for the Sherman, although few saw combat, remaining experimental. Those that saw action included a bulldozer blade, the system, flamethrowers for Zippo, and various rocket launchers such as the. British variants (DDs and ) formed part of the group of specialized vehicles collectively known as ' (after, commander of the ).The M4 Sherman's basic chassis was used for all the sundry roles of a modern mechanized force: roughly 49,000 Sherman tanks, plus thousands more derivative vehicles under different model numbers.
These included the and tank destroyers;, and self-propelled artillery; the M32 and M74 'tow truck'-style with winches, booms, and an 81 mm mortar for smoke screens; and the M34 (from M32B1) and M35 (from M10A1). See also:During World War II, approximately 19,247 Shermans were issued to the U.S. Army and about 1,114 to the U.S. Marine Corps. Also supplied 17,184 to (some of which in turn went to the Canadians and the Free Poles), while the received 4,102 and an estimated 812 were transferred to. These numbers were distributed further to the respective countries' allied nations.The U.S. Marine Corps used the diesel M4A2 and gasoline-powered M4A3 in the Pacific.
However, the Chief of the Army's Armored Force, Lt. Gen., ordered that no diesel-engined Shermans be used by the Army outside the Zone of Interior (the continental U.S.).
The Army used all types for either training or testing within the United States, but intended the M4A2 and M4A4 (with the A57 Multibank engine) to be the primary Lend-Lease exports.First combat Shermans were being issued in small numbers for familiarization to U.S. Armored divisions when there was a turn of events in the. Axis forces and were advancing into Egypt and Britain's supply line through the was threatened. The US considered collecting all Shermans together so as to be able to send the under to reinforce Egypt, but delivering the Shermans directly to the British was quicker and over 300 – mostly M4A1s, but also including M4A2s – had arrived there by September 1942.The Shermans were modified for desert warfare with sandshields over the tracks and other stowage. The Sherman first saw combat at the in October 1942 with the. At the start of the offensive, there were 252 tanks fit for action. These equipped the (with the ), 2nd Armoured Brigade (1st Armoured Division) and 8th and 20th Armoured Brigades (10th Armoured Division).
Their first encounter with tanks was against German Panzer III and IV tanks with long 50 mm and 75 mm guns engaging them at 2,000 yards (1,800 m). There were losses to both sides.The first U.S. Shermans in battle were M4s and M4A1s in the next month. On 6 December, near, a platoon from the 2nd Battalion, 13th Armored Regiment was lost to enemy tanks and anti-tank guns.Additional M4s and M4A1s replaced M3s in U.S. Tank battalions over the course of the North African campaign.The M4 and M4A1 were the main types in U.S. Units until late 1944, when the Army began replacing them with the preferred M4A3 with its more powerful 500 hp (370 kW) engine. Some M4s and M4A1s continued in U.S.
Service for the rest of the war. The first Sherman to enter combat with the 76 mm gun in July 1944 was the M4A1, closely followed by the M4A3. By the end of the war, roughly half the U.S.
Army Shermans in Europe had the 76 mm gun. The first HVSS-equipped Sherman to see combat was the M4A3(76)W in December 1944.Pacific Theater.
Chinese M4A4 Sherman in the CBI BattlefieldWhile combat in the (ETO) consisted of high-profile armored warfare, the mainly naval nature of the (PTO) relegated it to secondary status for both the Allies and the Japanese. While the US Army fielded 16 armored divisions and 70 separate tank battalions during the war, only a third of the battalions and none of the divisions were deployed to the Pacific Theater. The (IJA) deployed only their 2nd Tank Division to the Pacific during the war. Armor from both sides mostly operated in jungle terrain that was poorly suited to armored warfare. For this type of terrain, the Japanese and the found light tanks easier to transport and employ.During the early stages of combat in the Pacific, specifically the, the U.S. Marine Corps' light tank fought against the equally matched light tank; both were armed with a 37 mm main gun. However, the M2 (produced in 1940) was newer by five years.
By 1943, the IJA still used the Type 95 and medium tanks, while Allied forces were quickly replacing their light tanks with 75 mm-armed M4s. The Chinese in India received 100 M4 Shermans and used them to great effect in the subsequent 1944 and 1945 offensives in the. As part of, an M4A1 (75 mm) advances through a tropical rain forest on, in the South-West PacificTo counter the Sherman, the Japanese developed the and the heavier; both tanks were armed with 75 mm guns, albeit of different type.
Only 166 Type 3s and two Type 4s were built, and none saw combat; they were saved for the defense of the Japanese home islands, leaving 1930s vintage light and medium armor to do battle against 1940s built Allied light and medium armor.During these later years of the war, general purpose high explosive ammunition was preferred for fighting Japanese tanks because armor-piercing rounds, which had been designed for penetrating thicker steel, often went through the thin armor of the Type 95 Ha-Go (the most commonly encountered Japanese tank) and out the other side without stopping. Although the high-velocity guns of tank destroyers were useful for penetrating fortifications, M4s armed with flamethrowers were often deployed, as direct fire seldom destroyed Japanese fortifications.
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Post–World War II. British Firefly in, 1944. This is an M4 composite, showing the late cast hull front with large crew hatchesThe higher-velocity 76 mm gun gave Shermans anti-tank firepower at least equal to most of the German vehicles they encountered, particularly the Panzer IV and StuG III. The gun could penetrate 125 mm (4.9 in) of unsloped RHA at 100 meters (110 yd) and 106 mm (4.2 in) at 1,000 meters (1,100 yd) using the usual M62 round.
The M1 helped to equalize the Sherman and the Panzer IV in terms of firepower; the 48-caliber (75mm L/48) of the Panzer IV could penetrate 135 mm (5.3 in) of unsloped RHA at 100 meters (110 yd) and 109 mm (4.3 in) at 1,000 meters (1,100 yd). The 76 mm gun was still inferior to the much more powerful 70-caliber (75mm L/70) of the Panther, which could penetrate 185 mm (7.3 in) of unsloped RHA at 100 meters (110 yd) and 149 mm (5.9 in) at 1,000 meters (1,100 yd) using the usual PzGr.39/42 round. The 76 mm was capable of knocking out a Panther at normal combat ranges from the flanks or rear, but could not overcome the glacis plate. Due to its 55 degree slope, the Panther's 80 mm (3.1 in) glacis had a line of sight thickness of 140 mm (5.5 in) with actual effectiveness being even greater. An M4 might only knock out a Panther frontally from point-blank range by aiming for its turret front and transverse-cylindrical shaped mantlet, the lower edge of which on most Panthers constituted a vulnerable. A 76 mm-armed Sherman could penetrate the upper frontal hull superstructure of a Tiger I tank from normal combat ranges.
Although the new gun lessened the gap between the two tanks, the Tiger I was still capable of knocking an M4 out frontally from over 2,000 meters (2,200 yd).In late summer 1944, after breaking out of the and moving into open country, U.S. Tank units that engaged German defensive positions at longer ranges sometimes took 50% casualties before spotting where the fire was coming from. The average combat range noted by the Americans for tank versus tank action was 800 to 900 meters (870 to 980 yd). Sherman crews also had concerns about firing from longer ranges, as the Sherman's high-flash powder made their shots easier to spot. This, and the U.S. Army's usual offensive tactical situation, often contributed to losses suffered by the U.S.
Army in Europe. Even though the various gunsights fitted to the Sherman had fewer magnification settings than those fitted to German tanks, their gunners were able to use a secondary periscope that featured a far larger field of view than their German counterparts.T4 (HVAP) ammunition became available in August 1944 for the 76 mm gun. The projectile contained a penetrator surrounded by a lightweight aluminum body and ballistic windshield, which gave it a higher velocity and more penetrating power. The increased penetration of HVAP allowed the 76 mm gun to match the Panther's APCR shot. However, its performance was heavily degraded by sloped armor such as the Panther's glacis.
Because of tungsten shortages, HVAP rounds were constantly in short supply. Priority was given to U.S. Tank destroyer units and over half of the 18,000 projectiles received were not compatible with the 76 mm gun M1, being fitted into the cartridge case of the M10 tank destroyer's.
Most Shermans carried only a few rounds at any one time, and some units never received any. M4A2(76) HVSS with T23 turret and later 76 mm gun's muzzle brake; it also sports fenders, usually omitted on U.S. Vehicles to ease maintenanceThe British anticipated future developments in German armor and began development of a 3-inch (76 mm) antitank gun even before its 57 mm predecessor entered service. Out of expediency and also driven by delays in their new tank designs, they mounted the powerful 3 in (76 mm) in a standard 75 mm M4 Sherman turret. This conversion became the. Like the U.S. M1 gun, the 17 pdr was also a 76 mm gun, but the British piece used a more voluminous cartridge case containing a much bigger propellant charge.
This allowed it to penetrate 174 mm (6.9 in) of unsloped RHA at 100 meters (110 yd) and 150 mm (5.9 in) at 1,000 meters (1,100 yd) using APCBC ammunition. The 17-pounder still could not penetrate the steeply sloped glacis plate of the Panther but it was expected to be able to pierce its gun mantlet at over 2,500 yards (2,300 m); moreover it was estimated it would defeat the 's frontal armor from 1,900 yards (1,700 m). However, British Army test results conducted with two Fireflys against a Panther turret-sized target demonstrated relatively poor accuracy at long range; a hit probability of 25.4% at 1,500 yards (1,400 m) with APCBC, and only 7.4% with APDS. In late 1943, the British offered the 17-pounder to the U.S. Army for use in their M4 tanks. General Devers insisted on comparison tests between the 17-pounder and the U.S.
The tests were finally done on March 25 and May 23, 1944; they seemed to show the 90 mm gun was equal to or better than the 17-pounder. By then, production of the 76 mm-armed M4 and the 90 mm-armed M36 were both underway and U.S. Army interest in the 17-pounder waned. Late in 1944, the British began to produce tungsten rounds for the 17-pounder, which could readily breach the armor of even the; these were not as accurate as standard rounds and not generally available.After the heavy tank losses of the, in January 1945, General Eisenhower asked that no more 75 mm M4s be sent to Europe: only 76 mm M4s were wanted.Interest in mounting the British 17-pounder in U.S. Shermans flared anew. In February 1945, the U.S.
Army began sending 75 mm M4s to England for conversion to the 17-pounder. Approximately 100 conversions were completed by the beginning of May. By then, the end of the war in Europe was clearly in sight, and the U.S. Army decided the logistical difficulties of adding a new ammunition caliber to the supply train was not warranted. None of the converted 17-pounder M4s were deployed in combat by the U.S., and it is unclear what happened to most of them, although some were given to the British as part of Lend-Lease post-war. The tank destroyer doctrine General was head of the Army Ground Forces from 1942 to 1944.
McNair, a former artilleryman, advocated for the role of the (TD) within the U.S. In McNair's opinion, tanks were to exploit breakthroughs and support infantry, while masses of attacking hostile tanks were to be engaged by tank destroyer units, which were composed of a mix of self-propelled and towed anti-tank guns. Armored Force and Tank Destroyer Force doctrine were developed separately, and it was not against Armored Force doctrine for friendly tanks to engage hostile tanks while attacking or defending. The tank destroyers were to engage numbers of enemy tanks that broke through friendly lines. Tank destroyers, called 'gun motor carriages' (as were any U.S.
Army self-propelled armored vehicles mounting an artillery piece of heavy caliber) were similar to tanks but were lightly armored with open-topped turrets. The tank destroyers were supposed to be faster and carry a more powerful anti-tank gun than tanks (although in reality tanks often received more powerful guns before tank destroyers did) and armor was sacrificed for speed.McNair approved the 76 mm upgrade to the M4 Sherman and production of the 90 mm gun-armed, but he at first staunchly opposed mass production of the series and its descendants, the T25 and T26 (which would eventually become the ) during the crucial period of 1943 because they were not 'battle worthy' and he saw no 'battle need' for them. In fall 1943, Lieutenant General Devers, commander of U.S. Forces in the (ETO), asked for 250 T26 tanks for use in the; McNair refused, citing the fact that he believed the M4 was adequate. Devers appealed all the way to the War Department, and Major General, the Assistant Chief of Staff G-4 of the War Department General Staff, ordered the 250 tanks built in December 1943. McNair finally relented in his opposition, but still opposed mass production; his Army Ground Forces even asked for the tanks to be 'down-gunned' from 90 mm to 75 or 76 mm in April 1944, believing the 76 mm gun was capable of performing satisfactorily. Marshall then summarily ordered the tanks to be provided to the ETO as soon as possible.
Soon after the in June 1944, General urgently requested heavy tanks, but McNair's continued opposition to mass production due to persistent serious mechanical problems with the vehicles delayed their procurement. That same month, the War Department reversed course and completely overruled the Army Ground Forces when making their tank production plan for 1945. 7,800 tanks were to be built, of which 2,060 were to be T26s armed with 90 mm guns, 2,728 were to be T26s armed with 105 mm howitzers, and 3,000 were to be M4A3 Sherman tanks armed with 105 mm howitzers. As a part of the plan, the British requested 750 90 mm-armed T26s and 200 105 mm-armed T26s. General McNair was killed in a in July 1944, and the path to production for the T26 tank became somewhat clearer. General Marshall intervened again and the tanks were eventually brought into full production. However, only a few T26 tanks (by then designated M26) saw combat beginning in February 1945, too late to have any effect on the battlefield.
Variants. A M4A3 uses its flame thrower during theThe Sherman, like its M3 predecessor, was one of the first tanks to feature a gyroscopically stabilized gun and sight. The stabilization was only in the vertical plane, as the mechanism could not slew the turret. The stabilizer was sufficient to keep the gun's elevation setting within 1/8th of a degree, or 2 mils while crossing moderately rough terrain at 15 miles per hour (24 km/h). This gave a hit probability of 70% on enemy tanks at ranges of 300 yards (270 m) to 1,200 yards (1,100 m). The utility of the stabilization is debatable, with some saying it was useful for its intended purpose, others only for using the sights for stabilized viewing on the move. Some operators disabled the stabilizer.
The 75 mm gun also had an effective canister round that functioned as a large shotgun. In the close fighting of the French, the U.S. Army's tanks used fitted to their tanks to push three tanks together through a hedgerow.
The flank tanks would clear the back of the hedgerow on their side with canister rounds while the center tank would engage and suppress known or suspected enemy positions on the next hedgerow. This approach permitted surprisingly fast progress through the very tough and well-defended hedgerows in Normandy. Over 500 sets of these were fitted to US armored vehicles, and many fitted to various British tanks (where they were called 'Prongs').The 75 mm gun had a shell originally intended for use as an artillery marker to help with targeting. M4 tank crews discovered that the shell could also be used against the Tiger and Panther—when the burning white phosphorus adhered to the German tanks, their excellent optics would be blinded and the acrid smoke would get sucked inside the vehicle, making it difficult or impossible for the crew to breathe. This, and the fear of fire starting or spreading inside the tank, would sometimes cause the crew to abandon the tank. There were several recorded instances where white phosphorus shells defeated German tanks in this fashion.A variant of the M4 Sherman was armed with the, which provided even more powerful high explosive armament. This variant was employed in three-vehicle 'assault gun' platoons in tank battalions to provide close fire support and smoke.
Armored infantry battalions were also eventually issued three of these Shermans. The 105 mm-armed variants were of limited use against enemy tanks due to the poor anti-armor performance of the howitzer, which was not intended to fight other tanks, though a high explosive anti-tank (HEAT) round for the 105 mm howitzer was available for self-defense.Armor. M4A3E2 Sherman Jumbo. Many units replaced the original 75 mm gun with a 76 mm gunThe M4A3E2 Sherman 'Jumbo' assault tank variant, based upon a standard M4A3(75)W hull, had an additional 38 mm (1.5 in) plate welded to the glacis, giving a total thickness of 101.6 mm (4.0 in), which resulted in a glacis of 148.97 mm (5.9 in) line-of-sight thickness, and over 180 mm (7.1 in).
The sponson sides had 38 mm (1.5 in) thick plates welded on, to make them 76 mm (3.0 in) thick, a significantly thicker transmission casing, a new, more massive T23-style turret with 177.8 mm (7.0 in) of armor on the sides and rear and a 25.4 mm (1 in) thick flat roof, and a gun mantlet with an additional 88.9 mm (3.5 in) of armor welded on, which resulted in a thickness of 177.8 mm. Intended for the assault to break out of the Normandy beachhead, it was originally to be armed with the 76 mm gun, but the 75 mm was preferred for infantry support and was used. The higher weight required reducing maximum speed to 22 mph, and crews were warned not to let the suspension 'bottom' too violently. 254 were built at the Fisher Tank Arsenal from May to July 1944, and arrived in Europe in the fall of 1944, being employed throughout the remainder of the fighting in various roles.
They were considered 'highly successful'. Of with similar suspension systemIn its initial specifications for a replacement for the M3 Medium Tank, the U.S. Army restricted the Sherman's height, width, and weight so that it could be transported via typical bridges, roads, railroads and landing craft without special accommodation. This greatly aided the strategic, logistical, and tactical flexibility and mobility of all Allied armored forces using the Sherman.A long-distance service trial conducted in Britain in 1943 compared diesel and gasoline Shermans to ( engine) and Centaur. The British officer commanding the trial concluded 'They are utterly reliable.I do not think they are quite as good as the Cromwell across country when they are running on rather worn rubber tracks and the going is greasy, neither does one get as smooth a ride, but they appear so infinitely superior in every other way particularly in reliability with a minimum of maintenance that this cross-country consideration is completely overweighed.' The Sherman had good speed both on- and off-road.
Off-road performance varied. In the desert, the Sherman's rubber-block tracks performed well; while in the confined, hilly terrain of Italy, the smaller and more nimble Sherman could often cross terrain that some heavy German tanks could not.recounted in his autobiography Inside the Third Reich:On the southwestern front (Italy) reports on the cross country mobility of the Sherman have been very favorable.
The Sherman climbs mountains our tank experts consider inaccessible to tanks. One great advantage is that the Sherman has a very powerful motor in proportion to its weight. Its cross-country mobility on level ground is, as the 26th Panzer Division reports, definitely superior to that of our tanks. The track suspension systems of some Sd.Kfz. 11 half-tracks, precursor of the Tiger I's similar suspensionHowever, while this may have held true compared with the first generation German tanks, such as the Panzer III and Panzer IV, comparative testing with the second generation wide-tracked German tanks (Panther and Tiger) conducted by the Germans at their testing facility, as well as by the U.S., proved otherwise; partly from their use of the characteristic Schachtellaufwerk interleaved and overlapped roadwheels (as used on pre-war origin German halftrack vehicles), especially over muddy or other unfavorable terrain. Lieutenant Colonel Wilson M. Hawkins of the 2nd Armored Division wrote the following comparing the U.S.
M4 Sherman and German in a report to Allied headquarters:It has been claimed that our tank is the more maneuverable. In recent tests we put a captured German Mark V Panther against all models of our own. The German tank was the faster, both across country and on the highway and could make sharper turns. It was also the better hill climber.This was backed up in an interview with Technical Sergeant Willard D. May of the 2nd Armored Division who commented: 'I have taken instructions on the Mark V Panther and have found, first, it is easily as maneuverable as the Sherman; second exceeds that of the Sherman.'
Staff Sergeant and tank platoon sergeant Charles A. Carden completes the comparison in his report:The Mark V Panther and VI Tiger in my opinion have more maneuverability and certainly more flotation. I have seen in many cases where the Mark V and VI tanks could maneuver nicely over ground where the M4 would bog down. On one occasion I saw at least 10 Tiger II make a counterattack against us over ground that for us was nearly impassable.
A Sherman with track widening 'duckbill' extended end connectorsU.S. Crews found that on soft ground, such as mud or snow, the narrow tracks gave poor (i.e., high) ground pressure compared to wider-tracked second-generation German tanks, such as the Panther and Tiger, both designed to use the complex, overlapping/interleaved multi-wheel track suspension systems pioneered on German half-tracks of the pre-war years. Army issued extended end connectors, grousers or 'duckbills', to add width to the standard tracks as a stopgap solution.
Duckbills began to reach front-line tank battalions in July 1944, and were original factory equipment for the heavy M4A3E2 Jumbo to compensate for the extra weight of armor. The M4A3(76)W HVSS Shermans and other late models with wider-tracked HVSS suspension and twin road wheels on each axle – rather than the single road wheel of the VVSS suspension designs – corrected these problems but formed only a small proportion of the tanks in service even in 1945.U.S. Variants. Main article:Vehicles that used the M4 chassis or hull:. also known as Wolverine –. – tank destroyer. also known as Priest –.
– self-propelled gun, paired in service with the Cargo Carrier M30 (also derived from the Sherman). – 155 mm self-propelled artillery (armed with the ), 8-inch (203 mm) HMC M43, 250-millimetre (9.8 in) MMC T94, and Cargo Carrier T30. – M4A3R3 Zippo, M4 Crocodile, and other flame-throwing Shermans.
Rocket Artillery Sherman –, and other Sherman rocket launchers. Amphibious tanks – (DD) swimming Sherman. A British variant used by U.S.
Forces. – D-8, M1, and M1A1 dozers, M4 Doozit, Mobile Assault Bridge, and T1E3 Aunt Jemima and other mine-clearers. – and M74 Tank Recovery Vehicles. – M34 and M35 prime movers. Also known by the British service names 'Grant' and 'Lee'. An policy statement of November 1943 concluded thus: 'The recommendation of a limited proportion of tanks carrying a 90 mm gun is not concurred in for the following reasons: The M4 tank has been hailed widely as the best tank of the battlefield today.
There appears to be no fear on the part of our forces of the German Mark VI (Tiger) tank. There can be no basis for the T26 tank other than the conception of a tank-vs.-tank duel-which is believed to be unsound and unnecessary.' .
By 1944, a typical U.S. Infantry division had attached for armor support an M4 Sherman battalion, a tank destroyer battalion, or both. This story has been challenged on the grounds that Ronson did not begin using that slogan until the 1950s Citations. Berndt, Thomas. Standard Catalog of U.S.
Military Vehicles. Iola, WI:, 1993. (2006) 2004. British Armour in the Normandy Campaign 1944. London: Taylor & Francis.
Chamberlain, Peter; Ellis, Chris (2005) 1969. British and American Tanks of World War II: The Complete Illustrated History of British, American and Commonwealth Tanks, Gun Motor Carriages and Special Purpose Vehicles, 1939–1945. New York: Arco., ed. Montgomery's Scientists: Operational Research in Northwest Europe. The work of No.2 Operational Research Section with 21 Army Group June 1944 to July 1945.
Laurier Centre for Military Strategic and Disarmament Studies. Green, Michael (2005). Panzers at War. City:. Green, Michael (2007). M4 Sherman at War.
City: Zenith Press. Hart, Stephen Ashley (2007). Sherman Firefly Vs Tiger: Normandy 1944 (Duel): Normandy 1944. Hernandez Cabos, Rodrigo; Prigent, John (2001). Osprey. (1978).
San Rafeal: Taurus Enterprises. Jentz, Thomas (1997). Germany's Tiger Tanks Tiger I & II: Combat Tactics. Atglen, PA:.
(2005). No Holding Back. Robin Brass Studio. Schneider, Wolfgang (2004). Tigers in Combat I. Mechanicsburg, PA: Stackpole Books; 2nd edition, originally published 2000 by, Inc.
Winnipeg, Canada. Wilbeck, Christopher (2004).
Sledgehammers: Strengths and Flaws of Tiger Tank Battalions in World War II. The Aberjona Press. (1993).
Sherman Medium Tank 1942–1945. UK: Osprey Publishing. Zaloga, Steven (1999). M3 & M5 Stuart Light Tank 1940–45. UK: Osprey Publishing. Zaloga, Steven (2008).
Armored Thunderbolt. Mechanicsburg, PA:.External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to.
One Piece is a Japanese animated television series based on the successful manga of the same name and has over 900 episodes.
- 2Episode list
Series overview[edit]
Season | # | Episodes | Originally aired | Series direction | Series composition | Character design | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
First aired | Last aired | |||||||
1 | 1–61 | 61 | October 20, 1999 | March 14, 2001 | Kōnosuke Uda | Junki Takegami | Noboru Koizumi | |
2 | 62–77 | 16 | March 21, 2001 | August 19, 2001 | ||||
3 | 78–92 | 15 | August 26, 2001 | December 9, 2001 | ||||
4 | 93–130 | 38 | December 16, 2001 | October 27, 2002 | ||||
5 | 131–143 | 13 | November 3, 2002 | February 2, 2003 | Kōnosuke Uda, Junji Shimizu | |||
6 | 144–195 | 52 | February 9, 2003 | June 13, 2004 | ||||
7 | 196–228 | 33 | June 20, 2004 | March 27, 2005 | Kōnosuke Uda | Hirohiko Uesaka | ||
8 | 229–263 | 35 | April 17, 2005 | April 30, 2006 | Kōnosuke Uda, Munehisa Sakai | |||
9 | 264–336 | 73 | May 21, 2006 | December 23, 2007 | ||||
10 | 337–381 | 45 | January 6, 2008 | December 14, 2008 | Munehisa Sakai, Hiroaki Miyamoto | |||
11 | 382–407 | 26 | December 21, 2008 | June 28, 2009 | Hiroaki Miyamoto | Noboru Koizumi, Kazuya Hisada | ||
12 | 408–421 | 14 | July 5, 2009 | October 11, 2009 | Kazuya Hisada | |||
13 | 422–458 | 37 | October 18, 2009 | July 11, 2010 | ||||
14 | 459–516 | 58 | July 18, 2010 | September 25, 2011 | ||||
15 | 517–578 | 62 | October 2, 2011 | December 23, 2012 | ||||
16 | 579–628 | 50 | January 6, 2013 | January 12, 2014 | ||||
17 | 629–746 | 118 | January 19, 2014 | June 19, 2016 | Hiroaki Miyamoto Toshinori Fukazawa | |||
18 | 747–782 | 36 | June 26, 2016 | April 2, 2017 | Toshinori Fukazawa | |||
19 | 783–891 | 109 | April 9, 2017 | June 30, 2019 | Hirohiko Uesaka, | |||
20 | 892– | 27 | July 7, 2019 | present | Tatsuya Nagamine | Shōji Yonemura | Midori Matsuda | |
Total | 919 | October 20, 1999 | present | - |
Episode list[edit]
Seasons (1–8)[edit]
- List of One Piece episodes for seasons 1 to 8
Seasons (9–14)[edit]
- List of One Piece episodes for seasons 9 to 14
Seasons (15–current)[edit]
- List of One Piece episodes for seasons 15 to now
See also[edit]
- One Piece (franchise)
External links[edit]
- List of One Piece: Wan pîsu (1999) episodes on IMDb
Retrieved from 'https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lists_of_One_Piece_episodes&oldid=933001763'
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